4.7 - Energy efficiency

Out of 100% of energy only 10% makes it to the next trophic level (primary consumer)
And only 1% of that makes it to the secondary consumer

The loss of energy is because the organism needs to:
-Respire
-Grow
-Move
Another reason for the lost of energy is that, for example:cellulose, cannot be digested so the energy is lost through faeces.

4.6 - Transfer of substances and energy along the food chain

-Producer (grass) - Transfers light energy (from the sun) to chemical enegry
-Chemical energy = organic molecules
                             - This includes carbohydrates, protein and lipids (food)
-These molecules and up being food for the primary, secondary and tertiary consumers
-The energy consumed is used for:
                                                   -Growth
                                                   -Respiration
                                                   -Life processes

Bonds:

4.5b - Food Webs

1) The food web provides a better description of the ecosystem.
2) The food webs shows organisms feeding at different trophic levels

Consequences of (2):
1.Organisms can have multiple predators
2.It could be feeding on multiple pray.
3.This results in the food chain being linked

4.5a - Food Chain

This links together {{ Producer ----> Primary consumer ----> Secondary consumer ----> Tertiary consumer}}

-You cant show an organism being an omnivore
-You cant show organism feeding at more than 2 trophic levels

Food chains shows the flow of matter and energy

4.4- Trophic Levels

Trophic = feed
trophic levels = feeding levels

Primary consumer: Eats the producer (producer = changes light energy to chemical energy)
Secondary consumer: Eats the primary consumer (turns the energy to its own)
Tertiary consumer: Eats the secondary consumer (turns the energy to its own)

4.3 Quadrates samples

-Use quadrates to sample the population
The samples have to be:   -Random
                                       -Large
                                       -Random number (for the grid, x & y coordinates)
                                       -Count the number of daisies (species) in one of the squares
                                       -That ='s 10% of the original area.

4.2 Quadrates

Quatrating:
1. Count the number of individuals in the population
2. Quadraring is used to sample an area and count the number of individuals in that area
3.This is repeated a number of times to gain an estimate of the population size

(quadrating is a method of sampling different locations to compare them)

4.1 Ecosystems

-An ecosystem is a community of organisms in a particular habitat

-The community is made up of different population of different species interacting within that habitat.

Species = A group of organisms reproducing to give fertile offspring

Habitat (abiotic factors):

-Cycle of daylight

-Temperature

-Rainfall

-Humidity

-slope

(All are non-biological)